MEGA AYU FITRIA HARDYANTI
KPK
12390150015
MODALS - English Grammar
Can Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) I can speak English.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) Can I go to the cinema?
request Can you wait a moment, please?
offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
could Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) I could go to the cinema.
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.
May Use Examples
possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion May I help you?
Might Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?
Must Use Examples
force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.
possibility You must be tired.
advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
must not/may notUse Examples
prohibition You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.
need notUse Examples
not necessary I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.
ought to Use Examples
advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
shall use example
instead of will in the 1st person Use Examples
suggestion Shall I carry your bag?
should Use Examples
advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
will Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
habits She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.
Would Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:
First, it will contain a subject and verb.
Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
relative pronoun as subject + verb
Here are some examples:
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
That bounced across the kitchen floor
That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward
Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.
NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:
Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
Pelengkap (complement)
Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)
Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikanlah contoh-contoh di bawah ini!
Noun clause sebagai subjek kalimat
Contoh:
What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
What the salesman has said is untrue.
That the world is round is a fact.
Noun clause sebagai objek verba transitif
Contoh:
I know what you mean.
I don’t understand what he is talking about.
He said that his son would study in Australia.
Verba yang dapat diikuti noun clause dalam hal ini that-clause antara lain adalah:
admit : mengakui
realize : menyadari
announce : mengumumkan
recommend : menganjurkan
believe : percaya
remember : ingat
deny : menyangkal
reveal : menyatakan, mengungkapkan
expect : mengharapkan
say : mengatakan
find : menemukan
see : melihat
forget : lupa
stipulate : menetapkan
hear : mendengar
suggest : menganjurkan
inform : memberitahukan
suppose : mengira
know : tahu, mengetahui
think : pikir, berpendapat
promise : berjanji
understand : mengerti
propose : mengusulkan
wish : ingin, berharap
Noun clause sebagai objek preposisi
Contoh:
Please listen to what your teacher is saying.
Budi pays full attention to how the native speaker is pronouncing the English
word.
Be careful of what you’re doing.
Noun clause sebagai pelegkap
Contoh:
The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.
This is what I want.
That is what you need.
Noun clause sebagai noun in apposition
Contoh:
The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.
The fact that Rudi always comes late doesn’t surprise me.
ADVERB CLAUSE
When He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.
Before
We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.
'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present.
After
We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.
'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.
While, as
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progess.
By the time By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
Until, till
We waited until he finished his homework.
I'll wait till you finish.
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.
Since :
I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
They have worked here since 1987.
'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.
As soon as :
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).
As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.
'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used.
Whenever, every time
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".
We take a hike every time he visits.
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
| F | A | N | B | O | Y | S |
| for | and | nor | but | or | yet | so |
An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Remember, when using a conjunction to join two sentences, use a comma before the conjunction.
You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions. In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction: Lilacs and violets are usually purple.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns. This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.
Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops andswallowing goldfish.
Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases ("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb"spends." EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
| CONJUNCTION | WHAT IS LINKED | SAMPLE SENTENCES |
| and | noun phrase+noun phrase | We have tickets for the symphony andthe opera. |
| but | sentence+sentence | The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday,but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday. |
| or | verb+verb | Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? |
| so | sentence+sentence | I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early. |
Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
| TIME | CAUSE + EFFECT | OPPOSITION | CONDITION |
| after | because | although | if |
| before | since | though | unless |
| when | now that | even though | only if |
| while | as | whereas | whether or not |
| since | in order that | while | even if |
| until | so |
| in case (that) |
Subordinating conjunctions, (subordinators) are most important in creating subordinating clauses. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause. The adverbial clause can come either before or after the main clause. Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also a number of multi-word subordinators that function like a single subordinating conjunction. They can be classified according to their use in regard to time, cause and effect, opposition, or condition. Remember, put a comma at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."
If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."
Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because."
EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
| CONJUNCTION | SAMPLE SENTENCE |
| after | We are going out to eat after we finish taking the test. |
| since | Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every exhibit at the High Musuem. |
| while | While I was waiting in line for the Matisse Exhibit, I ate my lunch. |
| although | Although the line was long and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it |
| even if | Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line. |
| because | I love Matisse's works because he uses color so brilliantly. |
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.) CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
| both...and | not only...but also | either...or | neither...nor | whether...or |
Remember, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements.When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:
Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.
In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the twonoun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father". Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.
Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."
Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.
Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school." The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.
In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects. Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.
EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
| CONJUNCTIONS | WHAT IS LINKED | SAMPLE SENTENCE |
| both...and | subject+subject | Both my sister and my brother play the piano. |
| either...or | noun+noun | Tonight's program is either Mozart orBeethoven. |
| neither...nor | subject+subject | Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to overcome the terrible acoustics in the church |
| not only...but also | sentence+sentence | Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. |
Written by Heather MacFadyen
Paired Conjunctions
Did you know … 
·Both a poor diet and not enough exercise can make you sleepy.
·Weight-bearing exercises strengthen not only your muscles but also your bones.
Pregnant women should neither start a new exercise routine nor exercise for weight loss during their pregnancy.
·You can exercise either in the morning or in the afternoon and still get the same results. It all depends on when you have the most energy.
The sentences above provide not only interesting information about exercise but also examples of paired conjunctions (both … and, not only…but also, neither…nor, either…or) in English. In order to learn more about both fitness and paired conjunctions, read on.
Both / and & not only / but also
We use paired conjunctions to connect two ideas in a sentence. Now, you may be thinking to yourself, “Isn’t that what regular conjunctions (and, nor, or, etc.) do?” And the answer is, “Yes!” Coordinating conjunctions do provide a similar service, but we choose to use paired conjunctions for emphasis. Let’s look at how paired conjunctions can emphasize two points in a sentence.
We’ll start by looking at the paired conjunctions both … and … and not only … but also … together because these two pairs communicate the same meaning. They basically mean “and.” They connect two pieces of information that are just additional. Look at the sentence below:
ØOriginal: Cardiovascular exercise is good for the heart and fun.
In this sentence we learn two things about cardiovascular exercise: it is good for your heart and it is fun. These two ideas are appropriately connected in the sentence with the word and. However, we can express the same sentence with paired conjunctions:
Both … and … : Cardiovascular exercise is both good for the heart and fun.ØNot only … but also … : Cardiovascular exercise is not only good for the heart but also fun.
The only difference in meaning between these two sentences and our original sentence is the emphasis that the two ideas about cardiovascular exercise receive. The paired conjunctions stress that there are two things you need to know about cardiovascular exercise, not just one thing. As a result, the use of these structures is a choice, and the writer or speaker gets to make that choice.
Let’s look at a few more examples of both … and … and not only … but also …to make sure we really understand their use:
Aerobic exercise is any exercise that Øboth uses large muscle groups and lasts for a long time.
Regular aerobic exercise makes Ønot only your heart but also your lungs function more efficiently.
After doing regular aerobic exercise for several weeks, you will be able to exerciseØ both longer and more vigorously.
A good exercise routine requires Ønot only strength training but also an aerobic workout.
Either/or
Now let’s look at how we use either … or … . As you might imagine, either … or … is similar in meaning to the conjunction or. What meaning does “or” communicate? If you said, “Choice,” then you’re right! Or and either … or …both communicate a choice between options or possibilities. Let’s see how this idea of options can be expressed using the two different conjunctions. Read the following dialogue between a patient and his doctor:
ØPatient : My knees hurt when I run. What other kinds of exercises should I do to decrease the impact of the exercise on my knees?
Doctor: You could try swimmingor bicycle riding. Both of these exercises will be gentler on your knees.
Now, our doctor could have chosen to say:
Doctor: You could try either swimming or bicycle riding. Both of these exercises will be gentler on your knees.
By choosing to use either … or …, the doctor is trying to emphasize or stress to her patient that he has options. Again, we see that the use of the paired conjunction is a choice made by the speaker or writer, and that the choice is guided by the desire to emphasize the two things being connected.
Let’s look at a couple of more examples of either … or … to make sure we really understand its use:
If you are hungry after working out, try eatingØ either a granola bar ora fruit bar
Don’t completely abandon your commitment to exercise ifØ either bad weather or illness become brief obstacles.
Neither/nor
While neither … nor … looks similar to either … or …, it is actually closer in meaning to both … and … because it connects additional information. It tells you two things about a topic. Most importantly, however, neither … nor … must be used to connect two negative ideas. Look at the following example:
When attending a yoga class, you need Øneither your cigarettes noryour cell phone.
According to this sentence, there are two things that you do NOT need in a yoga class: your cigarettes and your cell phone.
Of curse, we could communicate the same ideas with the following sentence:
When attending a yoga class, you don’t need your cigarettes and your cell phone.Ø
Notice that both of these sentences are negative. In the first sentence neither … nor … carries the negative meaning; however, in our second example, the verb carries the negation (don’t).
Since double negatives are not acceptable in standard academic English, it would be wrong to make the verb negative in the first sentence:
ýIncorrect : When attending a yoga class, you don’t need neither your cigarettes nor your cell phone.
Let’s look at a couple of more examples of neither … nor … to make sure we really understand its use:
ØNeither watching TV norplaying video games will help you lose weight.
If you are feeling sick, you should Øneither exercise with a fever norintensify your workout.
The Importance of Parallelism
When you use paired conjunctions to connect two words or phrases in a sentence, you need to keep parallelism in mind. What is parallelism? Whenever you connect two items in a sentence with a conjunction, those two items need to be “parallel.” That means the same grammatical structure (noun, verb, adjective, clause, etc.) should follow each part of the paired conjunction. Look at the following examples.
Notice that the words or phrases connected by the paired conjunctions have the same word form (or part of speech):
| | Both | weight loss | and | better posture | are benefits of being physically fit. |
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| noun phrase |
| noun phrase |
|
| Being in good shape | not only | improves your heart health | but also | increases your self-image. |
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|
| verb phrase |
| verb phrase |
| If you can't go to the gym, try | either | taking a short, fast walk | or | running up and down the stairs. |
|
|
| gerund phrase |
| gerund phrase |
| For some people, the road to getting into shape is | neither | short | nor | easy | , but it’s worth it. |
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| adjective |
| adjective |
|
Another thing to keep in mind when you use paired conjunctions is the placement of the paired conjunction in your sentence. Look at the two sentences below. In the first sentence, the paired conjunction is placed correctly. In the second sentence, it is not. Why? What’s the difference?
Correct: She is not only strong but also flexible. 
Incorrect: She not only is strong but also flexible. In this example, we are trying to use the paired conjunction to connect two adjectives: "strong" and "flexible". As a result, we need to put part 1 of the paired conjunction "not only" immediately before the first adjective "strong", and part 2 of the paired conjunction "but also" needs to go immediately beforethe second adjective.
However, if you look at our incorrect sentence, you will notice that the verb "is" appears between part 1 of the conjunction "not only" and the adjective "strong". We are not connecting two verbs; we are connecting two adjectives. As a result, we need to place the two parts of our paired conjunction as close as possible to the items that we are connecting. In this example, it is wrong to place the verb between the first part of the paired conjunction and the word that it is connecting. Subject-Verb Agreement and Paired Conjunctions
Look at the sentences below. Pay close attention to the form of the verb in each sentence. What changes do you notice?
Not only the coach but also the players were disappointed by the loss.
You should notice that the differences between these two sentences are 1) the order of the two subjects and 2) the form of the verbs. In example #2, the players comes first and the coach comes second, while in example #2a, the coach comes first and the players comes second.
In examples #1 and #1a above we saw that changing the order of the subjects doesn’t affect the verb form when you use both … and … to connect your subjects. This is not true, however, when you use not only … but also … , either … or …, or neither … nor … to connect your subjects. Here’s another little rule to keep in mind.
Rule: When you use not only … but also …, either … or …, or neither … nor …to connect two subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines if the verb is singular or plural.
EXAMPLE: Do you exercise regularly? Do you eat healthily? (and)
ANSWER: I exercise regularly, and I eat healthily.
1. Do you practice deep-breathing to relieve stress? Do you try to have positive thoughts at all times. (Not only…but also)
2. Do you smoke cigarettes? Do you take illegal drugs? (nor)
3. Do you have your cholesterol checked yearly? Do you eat low-fat, low-calorie foods? (so)
4. Do you stay active? Do you run or walk briskly for at least 20 minutes twice a week? (for)
5. Do you have a busy schedule? Do you try to find time for things you enjoy doing? (but)
Subordinate conjunctions
1. Subordinate conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause or adjective or adverbial phrase to an independent clause. The dependent clauses provide context and description for the independent clause; in short, it adds information that isn't the direct focus of the sentence but is important in adding time, place, or reasons to the sentence.
2. What subordinate conjunctions do so well is to connect information. Instead of having two short independent clauses that make for a choppy, difficult to read style, subordinate conjunctions allow you to connect sentences, to show relationships, to make your writing flow.
3. As you will notice, when the subordinate conjunction comes at the beginning of a sentence, it nearly always means that a comma will follow soon, usually after the end of that clause..
4. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are italicized.
Ex. 1: After Josie studied the lab reports, she determined that Glen would need further treatment.
Explanation: The After clause explains the time frame for Josie's decision that Glen needed further treatment. It gives readers the information that they need to understand how Josie determined Glen's need. Notice how the above sentence sounds so much better than if the sentence had been written with two independent clauses:
Josie studied the lab reports.
She determined that Glen would need further treatment.
Using a subordinate conjunction to combine the sentences not only makes the style better, but it also tells us that the decision was made after Josie had studied the reports. We can feel better that the decision is based on Josie's previous work and Glen's treatment is not unfounded!
Ex. 2: Because the war is being fought in the Middle East, oil prices will continue to rise.
Explanation: The Because clause provides a reason for the rise in oil prices, the information the writer is stressing in that sentence. Since that clause comes before the main clause, it is followed by a comma. If the clause were to come at the end of the sentence, as in
Oil prices will continue to rise because the war is being fought in the Middle East.
no comma is required.
Ex. 3: Whenever a country goes to war, certain freedoms in that country may be compromised.
Explanation: The main point in the above sentence is that freedoms may be lost; the dependent point, expressed in the whenever clause, gives explanation to the main point by describing when freedoms may be lost. Again notice the comma following the opening dependent clause.
Ex. 4: The candidate, who ran a clean race, was elected by a wide majority.
Explanation: The dependent clause here comes in the middle of the sentence and is used to clarify why the candidate won. Because this who clause can be removed from the sentence without changing the main point, commas are used to separate it from the main clause. Such an unnecessary clause is called a non-restrictive clause since it doesn't restrict the meaning of the sentence.
Ex. 5: Any voters who have registered can vote.
Explanation: In this example, the who clause is necessary to the meaning of the main clause since the meaning of the sentence is that only registered voters can vote. Without who have registered the sentence would have an entirely different meaning. As a result of the necessary clause, there are no commas. Such a clause is called a restrictive clause since it restricts the meaning of the sentence.
Here is a list of common subordinate conjunctions:
| after | since | whether |
| although | so that | which |
| as | supposing | while |
| because | than | who |
| before | that | whoever |
| even | unless | why |
| even though | until |
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| if | what |
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| how | when |
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| just as | whenever |
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| next | where |
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| now that | whereas |
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| once | wherever |
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PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH . . . AND; NOT ONLY . . . BUT ALSO; EITHER . . . OR; NEITHER . . . NOR
(a) Both my mother and my sister are here
(b) Not only my mother but also my sister is here
(c) Not only my sister but also my parents are here
(d) Neither my mother nor my sister is here
(e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here
Two subjects connected by both . . . and take a plural verb, as in (a).
When two subjects are connected by not only . . . but also, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
(f) The research project will take both time and money
(g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed.
(h) I’ll take either chemistry or physics next quarter.
(i) That book is neither interesting nor accurate.
Notice the parallel structure in the examples. The same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions.
In (f): both + noun + and + noun
In (g): not only + verb + but also + verb
In (h): either + noun + or + noun
In (i): neither + adjective + nor + adjective
